{"id":1663,"date":"2016-11-21T09:28:36","date_gmt":"2016-11-21T07:28:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/?p=1663"},"modified":"2016-11-21T09:29:16","modified_gmt":"2016-11-21T07:29:16","slug":"welthandel-gewinner-und-verlierer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/?p=1663","title":{"rendered":"Welthandel: Gewinner und Verlierer"},"content":{"rendered":"

Karl Wild.<\/em> Betrachtet mensch die Werte f\u00fcr den Au\u00dfenhandel an Waren und Dienstleistungen, so f\u00e4llt deren hoher Anteil am BIP auf. Der dem neoliberalen Diskurs geschuldete Zwang, alle L\u00e4nder fit f\u00fcr den Weltmarkt zu machen, ist mehr oder weniger eine „Erfolgsgeschichte“. Auf etwa 70 Billionen US-$ Bruttoinlandsprodukt der Welt 2011 kommen im Jahr 2015 Warenexporte im Wert von 15.985 Milliarden oder weit mehr als 20%. Die Verteilung zwischen reich und arm ist auch hier wie beim Wohlstand und der Wertsch\u00f6pfung relativ gleich.. Welche L\u00e4nder sind aber nun „Gewinner“ der Exportorientierung,*) welche „Verlierer“? Gibt es ein einheitliches Muster?<\/p>\n

1.Die zehn f\u00fchrenden Handelsl\u00e4nder 2015 in Mrd. US-$ <\/strong><\/p>\n

Land \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Handelsvolumen \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Export-\u00dcberschuss\/Defizit<\/p>\n

China \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.957\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 +593<\/p>\n

USA \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a03.813\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 -803<\/p>\n

Deutschland \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.379 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 +279.<\/p>\n

Japan \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 1.273\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 -23<\/p>\n

GB \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.086 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -166<\/p>\n

Frankreich \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 1.079\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -67<\/p>\n

Niederlande\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 1.073\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 +61<\/p>\n

Hong Kong\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 1.070\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -48<\/p>\n

S\u00fcdkorea\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 963\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 +91<\/p>\n

Italien\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 868\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 +50<\/p>\n

*) seit Adam Smith\/David Ricardo steht unersch\u00fcttlich das Dogma der Wohlt\u00e4tigkeit des Au\u00dfenhandels im Theorem des (Neo-) Liberalismus bis heute<\/p>\n

Unter den 10 gr\u00f6\u00dften Au\u00dfenhandelsm\u00e4chten, die allein mehr als 50% des Exprt-\/Importvolumens aller 200 L\u00e4nder umschlagen, sind ausnahmslos klassische Industriestaaten und Handelsnationen, keine prim\u00e4r energie- oder rohstoffexportierende L\u00e4nder. 5 L\u00e4ndern mit einem Handelsbilanz\u00fcberschuss stehen ebenfalls 5 L\u00e4nder mit einem Defizit gegen\u00fcber, wobei die VR China \u2013 abl\u00f6send GB und USA \u2013 nun die „Werkbank“ der Welt ist, w\u00e4hrenddessen die USA wie ein „Staubsauger“ (Bonmot bereits aus den 80ziger Jahren) die G\u00fcter aller Herren L\u00e4nder aufsaugen. Das gigantische Defizit betr\u00e4gt sich steigernd \u00fcber die Jahrzehnte nun 800 Mrd. $. (Interessanterweise ist GB mit 166 Mrd. Defizit hier die Nr.2. Die Mutterl\u00e4nder des (Neo-) Liberalismus, predigen Wein und saufen Wasser. Ihre Desindustrialisierung ist der Preis des Siegeszuges der Weltmarktorientierung.**)<\/p>\n

**) BREXIT und die Wahl von D. Trump sind Ausdruck der Notwendigkeit der Beendigung des Au\u00dfenhandelsmuster der letzten Jahrzehnte.<\/p>\n

2.0 Ausl\u00e4ndische Direktinvestitionen 2014 (ADI) in Mrd. US-$ <\/strong><\/p>\n

Gleichbedeutend f\u00fcr das Kapital stehen neben dem Waren-Export der Tourismus und die ADI. In allen drei F\u00e4llen flie\u00dfen Devisen ins Heimatland und erh\u00f6hen die Akkumulation\/Verwertung Der Bestand der im aktiven Besitz gehaltenen ADI (outward-Bestand) lag im Durchschnitt der Jahre 2010 bis 2014 bei 22,6 Billionen US-Dollar. Zum Vergleich: Der Export betrug dagegen nur etwa 16 Billionen US-$. Unter heftigen Schwankungen – da die F\u00e4higkeit zum Kapitalexport im hohen Ma\u00dfe konjunkturabh\u00e4ngig ist – erfasst die Statistik die ADIs im F\u00fcnf-Jahresdurchschnitt und kann so die seit 1970 stetig wachsende Bedeutung der ADIs nachweisen. <\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2.Tabelle: Regionale Gewichtung der ADIs 2010-14 (in %) von 22,6 Mrd.US-$ <\/strong><\/p>\n

Region\/Land\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 ADI(outward)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 ADI(inward) <\/strong><\/p>\n

———————————————————————————————————– <\/strong><\/p>\n

Europa (incl. Osteuropa) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 48,7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 41,9 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Nordamerika \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 27,0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 21,9 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Asien \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 18,9\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 22,5 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Australien\/Ozeanien \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2,1\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 3,0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00fcdamerika \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2,5\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 7,9 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Afrika \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0,8\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 2,9 <\/strong><\/p>\n

davon: <\/strong><\/p>\n

USA \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 24,0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 19,1 <\/strong><\/p>\n

China \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 7,5\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9,5 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Deutschland\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 6,9\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3,4 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Japan \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 4,5\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0,9 <\/strong><\/p>\n

———————————————————————————————————– <\/strong><\/p>\n

Quelle: UNCTAD <\/strong><\/p>\n

Wie schon bei der Analyse des Export\/Imports, f\u00e4llt die Dominanz der Hauptm\u00e4chte des Empire auf, trotz der seit 1945 stetigen Entwicklungsversprechen. Zwei M\u00e4chte treten aber seit geraumer Zeit ins „Empire“ ein: die ehemals sowjetischen GUS-Staaten, sprich Russland; und die VR China als neues Gravitatuinszentrum des Kapitals. Dennoch entfallen auch 2014 mehr als 80% der im Ausland angelegten ADI auf die klassischen Industriestaaten, w\u00e4hrend in den zu entwickelnden Staaten seit den 80er Jahren konstant um die 30% ADI angelegt sind. Die so sich ergebende einseitige Verflechtungsstruktur relativiert das Gerede vom „nat\u00fcrlichen Reichtum“ in den meist energie- und rohstofflastigen L\u00e4ndern des Trikont. <\/strong><\/p>\n

3.0 Tourismus <\/strong><\/p>\n

Tourismus z\u00e4hlt weltweit zu den gr\u00f6\u00dften Wirtschaftszweigen. Mit weit \u00fcber 100 Millionen Besch\u00e4ftigten gilt der Tourismus als einer der bedeutendsten Wirtschaftszweige mit zudem hoher Wertsch\u00f6pfung. Grenz\u00fcberschreitende Reisen machen so 25 bis 30 Prozent des Welthandels im Dienstleistungsbereich aus. <\/strong><\/p>\n

3.Tabelle: Regionale Verteilung der Tourismuseinahmen 2014 in Mio US-$*) <\/strong><\/p>\n

Region\/Land\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Erl\u00f6se <\/strong><\/p>\n

————————————————————————————————————- <\/strong><\/p>\n

Europa(incl. T\u00fcrkei u. Russland\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 578.344 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Asien \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 301.078 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Afrika \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 38.184 <\/strong><\/p>\n

dvon: S\u00fcdafrika \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 10.484 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Nordamerika \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 238.233 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Lateinamerika \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 57.775 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Australien\/Ozeanien \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 42.517 <\/strong><\/p>\n

davon: USA \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 220.757 <\/strong><\/p>\n

EU \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 483.344 <\/strong><\/p>\n

———————————————————————————————————— <\/strong><\/p>\n

*) Quelle: Lexas; nur L\u00e4nder mit mehr als 1 Mrd. ber\u00fccksichtigt <\/strong><\/p>\n

W\u00e4hrend 86 Staaten weniger als 1 Mrd. erzielen (darunter, aber nicht nur, kleine Inselstaaten), setzt sich hier die sattsam bekannte Verteilung zwischen Industriestaaten und dem Trikont fort. Allerdings in abgeschw\u00e4chter Form (Mensch denke nur an die Malediven, \u00c4gypten, T\u00fcrkei, die Bahamas oder Thailand). Gerade im letzten Jahrzehnt wurde die Konzentration auf den Tourismus als Ausweg aus der Verelendung (und erm\u00f6glicht durch den Zuwachs an den „Reichen“ in dieser Welt) gepriesen. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Konklusion <\/strong><\/p>\n

Neben den drei oben genannten Formen der Ausdehnung der Akkumulation soll nicht unerw\u00e4hnt bleiben, dass der Export von Gastarbeitern\/Lohnsklaven, genauer deren \u00dcberweisungen ins Heimatland f\u00fcr einige Staaten (Osteuropa; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippinen) durchaus von Gewicht sind. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bereits Marx sah den Weltmarkt an der Genese der kapitalistischen Proktionsweise wesentlich beteiligt und bis heute \u2013 mit wachsendem Tempo \u2013 h\u00e4lt die Verflechtung in der globalen kapitalistischen \u00d6konomie an. Der Siegeszug der neoliberalen Unterordnung aller Lebensbereiche unter das Diktat der Profimaximierung, deren entscheidender Hebel das \u00dcberwinden der L\u00e4ndergrenzen f\u00fcr die Akkumulation ist, findet zunehmend protektionistisch motivierten Widerstand (siehe Ceta, TTIP oder die Wahl von D. Trump). Die Wiederkehr des auch \u00f6konomisch „starken“ Nationalstaates schreitet voran! <\/strong><\/p>\n

Quelle: <\/em>Scharf Links…<\/a><\/em> vom 19.November 2016 <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Karl Wild. Betrachtet mensch die Werte f\u00fcr den Au\u00dfenhandel an Waren und Dienstleistungen, so f\u00e4llt deren hoher Anteil am BIP auf. Der dem neoliberalen Diskurs geschuldete Zwang, alle L\u00e4nder fit f\u00fcr den Weltmarkt zu machen,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,7],"tags":[16,18,45,76,22],"class_list":["post-1663","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-debatte","category-international","tag-freihandel","tag-imperialismus","tag-neoliberalismus","tag-neue-rechte","tag-politische-oekonomie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1663","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1663"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1663\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1664,"href":"https:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1663\/revisions\/1664"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1663"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1663"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maulwuerfe.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1663"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}